The Highs and Lows: Exploring the Correlation Between Altitude and Suicide Rates in Montana

By Cassie Jackson

Founder, Suffer Out Loud

Montana is celebrated for its natural beauty and outdoor recreational opportunities. However, beneath the surface of its scenery lies an ongoing crisis: high suicide rates. Over recent years, researchers have been investigating a potential correlation between altitude and suicide rates globally.

Understanding the Issue

Montana has had one of the highest suicide rates in the country for the past 4 decades. This has prompted public health officials and researchers to explore various factors that might contribute to the high rates, including socioeconomic status, access to mental health care, and cultural aspects. One intriguing factor that has gained attention is Montana’s high elevation.

The Altitude-Suicide Hypothesis

The altitude-suicide hypothesis suggests that living at higher altitudes may increase the risk of suicide. In a systematic review of 19 global studies, 17 reported evidence of a positive correlation between altitude and increased suicide. At higher altitudes, the oxygen level in the air is lower, which can lead to hypoxia, a condition where the body or a region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply. Hypoxia can cause a variety of physiological and psychological effects, including mood disturbances and cognitive impairments. Researchers believe that chronic hypoxia may contribute to an increased risk of depression and suicidal behavior. Organs like the heart and lungs appear to adjust to this lower oxygen levels over time, but the brain may not be so adaptable.

Research Findings

A study published in the journal High Altitude Medicine & Biology examined suicide rates across different altitudes in the United States. The researchers found that suicide rates were higher in states with higher average altitudes. Montana fits this pattern. 

Another study published in The American Journal of Psychiatry explored the relationship between altitude and mental health. The study found that individuals living at higher altitudes had a higher prevalence of depression and suicidal thoughts compared to those living at lower elevations. The researchers hypothesized that the reduced oxygen levels at high altitudes might affect serotonin metabolism, a key neurotransmitter involved in mood regulation.

Montana's Unique Landscape

Montana’s highest peak, Granite Peak, stands at 12,807 feet, while many towns and cities, such as Bozeman and Helena, are at elevations above 4,000 feet.

The rural nature of much of Montana also contributes to the complexity of the issue. Rural areas often have limited access to mental health services, which can exacerbate the risk factors associated with altitude. Additionally, the social isolation that can come with living in remote areas may further contribute to mental health struggles.

Addressing the Issue

This is an important theory to be aware of but don’t let it distract you from reaching out to get help if you’re struggling. While altitude is a non-modifiable risk factor, there are a number of reasons why suicide rates are so high in Montana - poverty, social isolation, a lack of mental health services. This is just one of many potential influencing factors. The correlation between altitude and suicide rates is a complex and multifaceted issue that still requires further investigation. By improving access to mental health care, raising awareness, and fostering community support, we can work towards reducing the high suicide rates and ensuring that the beauty of Montana is reflected in the well-being of our neighbors. You can support the work Suffer Out Loud is doing to reduce the high rates of suicide in Montana here.